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This includes studies on supplements containing glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM). [20] Because they are not regulated, joint supplements are not required to contain what has been listed on the label. [7] Additionally, oral joint supplements may have questionable bioavailability. [21]
Normally, joint cartilages have proteoglycan complexes, which are proteins with side chains made of glycosaminoglycans such as keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate attached to strands of hyaluronic acid. The glycosaminoglycan side chains are polyanionic, which causes adjacent side chains to push each other away and create a "bottle brush ...
One group of common alternative treatments are nutraceutical supplements. The most popular of these are joint supplements such as glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, and hyaluronic acid. Related to joint supplements are various treatments for pain, viewed as alternatives to the common mainstream pain-reducing medications phenylbutazone, and banamine ...
A number of studies have measured the bioavailability of glucosamine after oral administration to horses. When given as a single oral dose (9 g) with or without chondroitin sulfate (3 g) to ten horses, glucosamine (hydrochloride) was detected in the blood with a maximum level of 10.6 ± 6.9 μg/mL at two hours after dosing. [47]
Chemical structure of one unit in a chondroitin sulfate chain. Chondroitin-4-sulfate: R 1 = H; R 2 = SO 3 H; R 3 = H. Chondroitin-6-sulfate: R 1 = SO 3 H; R 2, R 3 = H.. Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) [1] composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid).
A significant amount of research has been performed on glycosaminoglycans, especially glucosamine and chondroitin, for the treatment of arthritis.These compounds are commonly marketed as nutritional supplements and numerous 'soft therapeutic claims' are made about their health benefits - especially in aging populations. [1]
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