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An example of lateral earth pressure overturning a retaining wall. The lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction. It is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geotechnical engineering structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels, deep foundations and ...
In the past, these calculations were done by hand using a slide rule and with methods such as Simpson's rule. Earthworks cost is a function of hauled amount x hauled distance. The goal of mass haul planning is to determine these amounts and the goal of mass haul optimization is to minimize either or both. [2]
Structural loads from a column or wall are usually greater than 1,000 kPa, while the soil's bearing capacity is commonly less than that (typically less than 400 kPa). By possessing a larger bearing area, the foundation distributes the pressure to the soil, decreasing the bearing pressure to within allowable values. [ 2 ]
Walls do not get as severe water exposure as roofs but still leak water. Types of wall systems with regard to water penetration are barrier , drainage and surface-sealed walls . [ 5 ] Barrier walls are designed to allow water to be absorbed but not penetrate the wall, and include concrete and some masonry walls.
Basement walls may need to have the surrounding earth backfilled around them to return the soil to grade. A water stop, some gravel and a french drain may need to be used to prevent water from entering the basement at the bottom of the wall. Walls below grade may need to be sealed with an impervious coating (such as tar) to
A wall sloping in the opposite direction is said to overhang. [3] When used in fortifications it may be called a talus. A batter frame is used to guide the construction of a battered dry stone wall. The term is used with buildings and non-building structures to identify when a wall or element is intentionally built with an inward slope.
Cracked walls: Cracks may be horizontal, vertical, diagonal or stair-stepped. Severe pressure or structural damage is evident by widening cracks. Buckling walls: Usually caused by hydrostatic pressure. Walls appear to be bowed inward. Peeling paint: Water seeping through walls may lead to bubbling or peeling paint along basement walls. [4]
Slurry wall design is undertaken based on bending moment and shear envelope obtained from the stress analysis. In the design of such underground walls, width of the unit is considered as one meter, and the wall is analyzed under plane strain condition. Since the length-to-width ratio of excavations is generally large, plane strain conditions ...