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Better results can be obtained using subjectively assigned factors to incorporate the taper of the trunk and characterize the basal flare. Trees with major root flare or pronounced taper skew the formula. Extreme root flare produces noticeable overestimates of volume. Conversely, a rapid trunk taper leads to an estimated volume that is too low.
Girard form class is a form quotient calculated as the ratio of diameter inside bark at the top of the first 16 foot log to the diameter outside bark at breast height ().Its purpose is to estimate board-foot volume of whole trees from measurement of DBH, estimation of the number of logs, and estimation of the taper of the first log, based on the general relationships identified between the ...
Tree taper is the degree to which a tree's stem or bole decreases in diameter as a function of height above ground. Within Forestry and for the purposes of timber production, trees with a high degree of taper are said to have poor form, while those with low taper have good form. The opposite is the case for open-grown amenity trees.
The natural outcome of this requirement is a wing design that is thin and wide, which has a low thickness-to-chord ratio. At lower speeds, undesirable parasitic drag is largely a function of the total surface area, which suggests using a wing with minimum chord, leading to the high aspect ratios seen on light aircraft and regional airliners ...
Most jet aircraft use a tapered swept wing design. To provide a characteristic figure that can be compared among various wing shapes, the mean aerodynamic chord (abbreviated MAC) is used, although it is complex to calculate. The mean aerodynamic chord is used for calculating pitching moments. [4]
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The following is a list of centroids of various two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects. The centroid of an object in -dimensional space is the intersection of all hyperplanes that divide into two parts of equal moment about the hyperplane.
An example of a linear taper is () = +, and a quadratic taper () = + +. As another example, if the parametric equation of a cube were given by ƒ ( t ) = ( x ( t ), y ( t ), z ( t )), a nonlinear taper could be applied so that the cube's volume slowly decreases (or tapers) as the function moves in the positive z direction.