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The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov, and it was first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities. [20]
Such changes may involve several different classes of events, like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Usually, these events are caused by a breakage in the DNA double helices at two different locations, followed by a rejoining of the broken ends to produce a new chromosomal arrangement of genes , different from the gene ...
An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome becomes inverted within its original position. An inversion occurs when a chromosome undergoes a two breaks within the chromosomal arm, and the segment between the two breaks inserts itself in the opposite direction in the same chromosome arm.
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle is diverse. Agricultural and industrial nitrogen (N) inputs to the environment currently exceed inputs from natural N fixation . [ 1 ] As a consequence of anthropogenic inputs, the global nitrogen cycle (Fig. 1) has been significantly altered over the past century.
Concomitant with the change in orientation of these structures is the inversion of domains of expression of TGF-β signals (dpp/BMPs) and their inhibitors (sog/Chordin). Balanoglossus , an example of a Hemichordata , represents an "evolutionary link" between invertebrates and vertebrates.
Plants are a primary source of basic chemicals, both for their medicinal and physiological effects, and for the industrial synthesis of a vast array of organic chemicals. [23] Textiles are made from both animal fibres, including wool and silk, [24] [25] and plant fibres, including cotton and flax. [22]
Molluscs such as snails graze on plants including grasses and forbs, abrading them with their rasp-like radula; they can inflict substantial damage to crops. [3] Grazing mammals including livestock such as cattle, too, bite off or break parts of plants including grasses, forbs, and forest trees, causing injury, and again, potentially admitting ...
Position-effect variegation (PEV) is a variegation caused by the silencing of a gene in some cells through its abnormal juxtaposition with heterochromatin via rearrangement or transposition. [1] It is also associated with changes in chromatin conformation .