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The Safatba'al inscription or the "Shipitbaal inscription" (KAI 7), found in Byblos in 1936, [11] published in 1945. [12] [4] Currently in the National Museum of Beirut. KAI 2 is the Byblos Necropolis graffito and KAI 3 are the Byblos bronze spatulas; neither contain names of royalty or other historical information.
The royal necropolis of Byblos is a group of nine Bronze Age underground shaft and chamber tombs housing the sarcophagi of several kings of the city. Byblos (modern Jbeil) is a coastal city in Lebanon, and one of the oldest continuously populated cities in the world.
Archaeological evidence at Byblos, particularly the five Byblian royal inscriptions dating back to around 1200–1000 BC, shows existence of a Phoenician alphabet of twenty-two characters; an important example is the Ahiram sarcophagus. The use of the alphabet was spread by Phoenician merchants through their maritime trade into parts of North ...
The Ahiram sarcophagus (also spelled Ahirom, 𐤀𐤇𐤓𐤌 in Phoenician) was the sarcophagus of a Phoenician King of Byblos (c. 1000 BC), discovered in 1923 by the French excavator Pierre Montet in tomb V of the royal necropolis of Byblos. The sarcophagus is famed for its bas relief carvings, and its Phoenician inscription.
Christopher Rollston, "The Dating of the Early Royal Byblian Phoenician Inscriptions: A Response to Benjamin Sass." MAARAV 15 (2008): 57–93.; Benjamin Mazar, The Phoenician Inscriptions from Byblos and the Evolution of the Phoenician-Hebrew Alphabet, in The Early Biblical Period: Historical Studies (S. Ahituv and B. A. Levine, eds., Jerusalem: IES, 1986 [original publication: 1946]): 231–247.
The Byblos Necropolis graffito is a Phoenician inscription situated in the Royal necropolis of Byblos. The graffito of Ahiram's tomb was found on the south wall of the shaft leading to the hypogeum, about three meters from the opening. The three-line graffito with William F. Albright's translation: [2]
Byblian royal inscriptions; Byblos bronze spatulas; Byblos clay cone inscriptions; Byblos marble inscription; Byblos Necropolis graffito; E. Eshmun inscription; M.
The Yehimilk inscription is a Phoenician inscription (KAI 4 or TSSI III 6) published in 1930, [1] [2] currently in the museum of Byblos Castle. It was published in Maurice Dunand 's Fouilles de Byblos (volume I, 1926–1932, numbers 1141, plate XXXI).