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Pioneering research was conducted on demand characteristics by Martin Orne. [2] A possible cause for demand characteristics is participants' expectations that they will somehow be evaluated, leading them to figure out a way to 'beat' the experiment to attain good scores in the alleged evaluation. Rather than giving an honest answer ...
Demand characteristics refer to a type of response bias where participants alter their response or behavior simply because they are part of an experiment. [3] This arises because participants are actively engaged in the experiment, and may try to figure out the purpose, or adopt certain behaviors they believe belong in an experimental setting.
The experimenter may introduce cognitive bias into a study in several ways — in the observer-expectancy effect, the experimenter may subtly communicate their expectations for the outcome of the study to the participants, causing them to alter their behavior to conform to those expectations.
In Lacanianism, demand (French: demande) is the way in which instinctive needs are alienated through language and signification. [1] The concept of demand was developed by Lacan—outside of Freudian theory—in conjunction with need and desire in order to account for the role of speech in human aspirations, [2] and forms part of the Lacanian opposition to the approach to language acquisition ...
A common idea in work environment theories is that demands match or slightly exceed the resources. With regards to research concerning positive outcomes within the employment setting, several models have been established like Demand Control, [13] Job Demands-Resources, [14] and Job Characteristics. [15]
Evidence for the dual process: a number of studies have supported the dual pathways to employee well being proposed by the JD-R model. It has been shown that the model can predict important organizational outcomes (e.g. [9] [10] [3] Taken together, research findings support the JD-R model's claim that job demands and job resources initiate two different psychological processes, which ...
In 1953, Allen L. Edwards introduced the notion of social desirability to psychology, demonstrating the role of social desirability in the measurement of personality traits. He demonstrated that social desirability ratings of personality trait descriptions are very highly correlated with the probability that a subsequent group of people will ...
For example, both confidence ratings and judgments of learning, which are often provided repeatedly throughout cognitive assessments of learning and reasoning, have been found to be reactive. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In addition there may be important individual differences in how participants react to a particular self-report measure.