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The following are the non-pulmonic consonants.They are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi, Hausa, Swahili and Vietnamese), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages).
The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Amharic pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. The Amharic letters (ፊደላት) in the second chart have the consonants in rows and the vowels in columns. Each letter represents one consonant (or consonant cluster) and one vowel.
The cluster /mx/ is also rare, but occurs in Russian words such as мха (/mxa/). Consonant clusters at the ends of syllables are less common but follow the same principles. Clusters are more likely to begin with a liquid, approximant, or nasal and end with a fricative, affricate, or stop, such as in English "world" /wə(ɹ)ld/.
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
While [z] is a foreign sound, it is also natively found as an allophone of /s/ beside voiced consonants. The other three Persian loans, /q, x, ɣ/ , are still considered to fall under the domain of Urdu, and are also used by some Hindi speakers; however, other Hindi speakers may assimilate these sounds to /k, kʰ, g/ respectively.
Unlike many languages, Icelandic has only very minor dialectal differences in sounds. The language has both monophthongs and diphthongs , and many consonants can be voiced or unvoiced . Icelandic has an aspiration contrast between plosives , rather than a voicing contrast, similar to Faroese , Danish and Standard Mandarin .
Within the chart “close”, “open”, “mid”, “front”, “central”, and “back” refer to the placement of the sound within the mouth. [3] At points where two sounds share an intersection, the left is unrounded, and the right is rounded which refers to the shape of the lips while making the sound. [4]
Estonian vowel chart, from Asu & Teras (2009:368). For some speakers, /ɤ/ can be more back (closer to /o/), or more back and higher (closer to /u/). There are 9 vowels and 36 diphthongs, 28 of which are native to Estonian. [1] All nine vowels can appear as the first component of a diphthong, but only /ɑ, e, i, o, u/ occur as the second component.