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Multi-level shadoof system in Egypt. One theory states that the shadoof was invented in prehistoric times in Mesopotamia as early as the time of Sargon of Akkad (around 24th and 23rd centuries BCE). The earliest evidence of this technology is a cylindrical seal with a depiction of a shadoof dating back to about 2200 BCE.
Levering methods are considered to be the most tenable solution to complement ramping methods, partially due to Herodotus's description; and partially to the shadoof, a lever-enabled irrigation device first depicted in Egypt during the New Kingdom and found concomitantly with the Old Kingdom in Mesopotamia. In Lehner's point of view, levers ...
The crankshaft was invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, [63] [64] and is central to modern machinery such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine and automatic controls. [65] [66] The camshaft was also first described by Al-Jazari in 1206. [67] Early programmable machines were also invented in the Muslim world.
The counterweight system of the shadoof is an early example of the engineering of river water. In pre-industrial society, rivers were a source of transportation and abundant resources. [19] [26] Many civilizations depended on what resources were local to them to survive.
The lever was used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC, [9] and then in ancient Egyptian technology circa 2000 BC. [10] The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC. [11]
The sāqiyah might, according to Ananda Coomaraswamy, have been invented in India, where the earliest reference to it is found in the Panchatantra (c. 3rd century BCE), where it was known as an araghaṭṭa; [21] which is a combination or the words ara (speedy or a spoked[wheel]) and ghaṭṭa "pot" [22] in Sanskrit.
Derek J. de Solla Price (1922–1983) with a model of the Antikythera mechanism. Captain Dimitrios Kontos (Δημήτριος Κοντός) and a crew of sponge divers from Symi island discovered the Antikythera wreck in early 1900, and recovered artefacts during the first expedition with the Hellenic Royal Navy, in 1900–01. [32]
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