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  2. Proportionality (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)

    Given such a constant k, the proportionality relation ∝ with proportionality constant k between two sets A and B is the equivalence relation defined by {(,): =}. A direct proportionality can also be viewed as a linear equation in two variables with a y-intercept of 0 and a slope of k > 0, which corresponds to linear growth.

  3. Wien's displacement law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien's_displacement_law

    Formally, the wavelength version of Wien's displacement law states that the spectral radiance of black-body radiation per unit wavelength, peaks at the wavelength given by: = where T is the absolute temperature and b is a constant of proportionality called Wien's displacement constant, equal to 2.897 771 955... × 10 −3 m⋅K, [1] [2] or b ...

  4. Stefan–Boltzmann law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan–Boltzmann_law

    The constant of proportionality, , is called the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. It has the value It has the value σ = 5.670 374 419 ... × 10 −8 W⋅m −2 ⋅K −4 .

  5. Boltzmann constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant

    The Boltzmann constant (k B or k) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. [2] It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the gas constant , in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula , and is used in ...

  6. Gas laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws

    where P is the pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. The proportionality constant, now named R, is the universal gas constant with a value of 8.3144598 (kPa∙L)/(mol∙K). An equivalent formulation of this law is: =

  7. Proportionality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality

    Proportionality (mathematics), the property of two variables being in a multiplicative relation to a constant; Ratio, of one quantity to another, especially of a part compared to a whole Fraction (mathematics) Aspect ratio or proportions; Proportional division, a kind of fair division; Percentage, a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100

  8. Wiedemann–Franz law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedemann–Franz_law

    where k B is the Boltzmann constant and e is the elementary charge. This empirical law is named after Gustav Wiedemann and Rudolph Franz, who in 1853 reported that κ/σ has approximately the same value for different metals at the same temperature. [2] The proportionality of κ/σ with temperature was discovered by Ludvig Lorenz in 1872. [3]

  9. Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell–Boltzmann_statistics

    Boltzmann's equation = ⁡ is the realization that the entropy is proportional to ⁡ with the constant of proportionality being the Boltzmann constant. Using the ideal gas equation of state ( PV = NkT ), It follows immediately that β = 1 / k T {\displaystyle \beta =1/kT} and α = − μ / k T {\displaystyle \alpha =-\mu /kT} so that the ...