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Each ligamentum flavum connects the laminae of two adjacent vertebrae. [2] [3] They attach to the anterior portion of the upper lamina above, and the posterior portion of the lower lamina below. [1] They begin with the junction of the axis and third cervical vertebra, continuing down to the junction of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. [2 ...
From a clinical standpoint, denticulate ligaments do not play a significant role in lumbar spinal stenosis when compared to issues such as disc herniations, facet hypertrophy, shape of spinal canal, size of spinal canal, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, or degenerative joint disease resulting in bony osteophyte formation. [citation needed]
ligamentum arteriosum: extra-hepatic portion of the fetal left umbilical vein: ligamentum teres hepatis (the "round ligament of the liver"). intra-hepatic portion of the fetal left umbilical vein (the ductus venosus) ligamentum venosum: distal portions of the fetal left and right umbilical arteries: medial umbilical ligaments
The cochlear duct (a.k.a. the scala media) is an endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct, separated by the basilar membrane and the vestibular membrane (Reissner's membrane) respectively.
The stria vascularis produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea. [4] This maintains the ion balance of the endolymph that surround inner hair cells and outer hair cells of the organ of Corti. [4] It secretes lots of K +, [1] [4] and may also secrete H +. [1]
The round window allows for the fluid within the inner ear to move. As the stapes pushes the secondary tympanic membrane, fluid in the inner ear moves and pushes the membrane of the round window out by a corresponding amount into the middle ear. The ossicles help amplify sound waves by nearly 15–20 times.
The ear is built to function like a "conveyor belt" by sloughing off dead skin and earwax that naturally pushes its way out. This system tends to work well without much need for assistance.
The middle ear is the portion of the ear medial to the eardrum, and distal to the oval window of the cochlea (of the inner ear). The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes), which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear .