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Sustainability accounting (also known as social accounting, social and environmental accounting, corporate social reporting, corporate social responsibility reporting, or non-financial reporting) originated in the 1970s [1] and is considered a subcategory of financial accounting that focuses on the disclosure of non-financial information about a firm's performance to external stakeholders ...
Social accounting (also known as social accounting and auditing, social accountability, social and environmental accounting, corporate social reporting, corporate social responsibility reporting, non-financial reporting or accounting) is the process of communicating the social and environmental effects of organizations' economic actions to particular interest groups within society and to ...
Triple bottom line (TBL) accounting expands the traditional reporting framework to take into account social and environmental performance in addition to financial performance. In 1981, Freer Spreckley first articulated the triple bottom line framework in a publication called Social Audit - A Management Tool for Co-operative Working. [8]
Increasingly, industries such as the financial sector are coming together to discuss and strategize how to use CSR to rebuild trust and transparency, meet regulatory requirements, foster more ...
In 1981, Freer Spreckley, the creator of Social Enterprise, published SOCIAL AUDIT — A Management Tool for Co-operative Working, in which he first introduced the idea of a set of internal criteria that social enterprises and other organisations should use in their annual planning and accounting.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) or corporate social impact is a form of international private business self-regulation [1] which aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature by engaging in, with, or supporting professional service volunteering through pro bono programs, community development ...
They also involve indices and accounting. They can include assessment, appraisal [3] and other reporting systems. The metrics are used over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. [4] [2] For organizations, sustainability measures include corporate sustainability reporting and Triple Bottom Line accounting. [1]
To remedy this, some companies are using existing financial reporting tools to build new ones adapted to ethical imperatives. [62] However, these initiatives are undertaken by companies that demonstrate a certain maturity in terms of corporate social responsibility and can be overwhelming for smaller companies such as SMEs .