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  2. Ptolemy's inequality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy's_inequality

    For four points in order around a circle, Ptolemy's inequality becomes an equality, known as Ptolemy's theorem: ¯ ¯ + ¯ ¯ = ¯ ¯. In the inversion-based proof of Ptolemy's inequality, transforming four co-circular points by an inversion centered at one of them causes the other three to become collinear, so the triangle equality for these three points (from which Ptolemy's inequality may ...

  3. Euclidean distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance

    Formulas for computing distances between different types of objects include: ... The Euclidean distance is the prototypical example of the ... Ptolemy's inequality ...

  4. List of inequalities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inequalities

    Bennett's inequality, an upper bound on the probability that the sum of independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than any specified amount Bhatia–Davis inequality , an upper bound on the variance of any bounded probability distribution

  5. Ptolemy's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy's_theorem

    More generally, if the quadrilateral is a rectangle with sides a and b and diagonal d then Ptolemy's theorem reduces to the Pythagorean theorem. In this case the center of the circle coincides with the point of intersection of the diagonals. The product of the diagonals is then d 2, the right hand side of Ptolemy's relation is the sum a 2 + b 2.

  6. List of theorems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theorems

    Sturm's theorem (theory of equations) Sturm–Picone comparison theorem (differential equations) Subspace theorem (Diophantine approximation) Supersymmetry nonrenormalization theorems ; Supporting hyperplane theorem (convex geometry) Swan's theorem (module theory) Sylow theorems (group theory) Sylvester's determinant theorem (determinants)

  7. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    Ptolemy's theorem states that the sum of the products of the lengths of opposite sides is equal to the product of the lengths of the diagonals. When those side-lengths are expressed in terms of the sin and cos values shown in the figure above, this yields the angle sum trigonometric identity for sine: sin( α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin ...

  8. Lunar theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_theory

    Ptolemy's work the Almagest had wide and long-lasting acceptance and influence for over a millennium. He gave a geometrical lunar theory that improved on that of Hipparchus by providing for a second inequality of the Moon's motion, using a device that made the apparent apogee oscillate a little – prosneusis of the epicycle.

  9. Ptolemaic graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_graph

    In graph theory, a Ptolemaic graph is an undirected graph whose shortest path distances obey Ptolemy's inequality, which in turn was named after the Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy. The Ptolemaic graphs are exactly the graphs that are both chordal and distance-hereditary ; they include the block graphs [ 1 ] and are a subclass of the ...