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Europa's gravity is approximately 13% of Earth's. The temperature on Europa varies from −160 °C at the equator, to −220 °C at either of its poles. [145] Europa's subsurface ocean is thought to be significantly [clarification needed] warmer however. It is hypothesized that because of radioactive and tidal heating (as mentioned in the ...
[1] [2] Simplified General Perturbations (SGP) models apply to near earth objects with an orbital period of less than 225 minutes. Simplified Deep Space Perturbations (SDP) models apply to objects with an orbital period greater than 225 minutes, which corresponds to an altitude of 5,877.5 km, assuming a circular orbit. [3]
The three inner moons — Io, Europa, and Ganymede — are in a 4:2:1 orbital resonance with each other. While the Galilean moons are spherical, all of Jupiter 's remaining moons have irregular forms because they are too small for their self-gravitation to pull them into spheres.
Galileo ' s primary science objectives during E4 were to conduct remote sensing observations of Europa's surface, collect data on the moon's interactions with Jupiter's magnetosphere, and analyze Jovian atmospheric features. It included occultations of the Sun and Earth by both Jupiter and Europa, which provided an opportunity to search for ...
In astronomy, a syzygy (/ ˈ s ɪ z ə dʒ i / SIZ-ə-jee; from Ancient Greek συζυγία (suzugía) 'union, yoking', expressing the sense of σύν (syn-"together") and ζυγ- (zug-"a yoke") [1] [2]) is a roughly straight-line configuration of three or more celestial bodies in a gravitational system.
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c 1 = 5.279 0414·10 −3; c 2 = 2.327 18·10 −5; c 3 = 1.262·10 −7; c 4 = 7·10 −10; The accuracy is at about ±10 −9 m/s 2 exact. When the exactness is not required, the terms at further back can be omitted. But it is recommended to use this finalized formula.
The high-gain antenna operates on X-band frequencies of 7.2 and 8.4 gigahertz, and a Ka-band frequency of 32 gigahertz (12 times that of a typical cell phone).The antennas will be used to research gravity and radio science, allowing researchers to learn more about Europa's gravity [88] It was designed and constructed by a team led by Matt Bray ...