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The gap between processor speed and main memory speed has grown exponentially. Until 2001–05, CPU speed, as measured by clock frequency, grew annually by 55%, whereas memory speed only grew by 7%. [1] This problem is known as the memory wall. The motivation for a cache and its hierarchy is to bridge this speed gap and overcome the memory wall.
Memory bandwidth is the rate at which data can be read from or stored into a semiconductor memory by a processor. Memory bandwidth is usually expressed in units of bytes/second , though this can vary for systems with natural data sizes that are not a multiple of the commonly used 8-bit bytes.
Speedup in latency is defined by the following formula: [2] = =, where S latency is the speedup in latency of the architecture 2 with respect to the architecture 1; L 1 is the latency of the architecture 1; L 2 is the latency of the architecture 2.
A CPU cache is a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access data from the main memory. [1] A cache is a smaller, faster memory, located closer to a processor core, which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations.
While the memory usage is: () Suppose a 10000-by-10000 matrix takes 800 MB of memory and can be factorized in 1 hour on a uniprocessor. Now for the scaled workload suppose is possible to factorize a 320,000-by-320,000 matrix in 32 hours. The time increase is quite large, but the increase in problem size may be more valuable for someones whose ...
In computer architecture, Amdahl's law (or Amdahl's argument [1]) is a formula that shows how much faster a task can be completed when you add more resources to the system. The law can be stated as: "the overall performance improvement gained by optimizing a single part of a system is limited by the fraction of time that the improved part is ...
There are up to four aspects of memory usage to consider: The amount of memory needed to hold the code for the algorithm. The amount of memory needed for the input data. The amount of memory needed for any output data. Some algorithms, such as sorting, often rearrange the input data and do not need any additional space for output data.
At complete utilization with no task switching, the load average is equal to the number of CPUs. [7] Tasks counts the processes their statuses. %Cpu(s) counts the percentage of CPU usage, broken down into categories. MiB Mem: Memory usage in units of mebibyte. The buff/cache is for memory used by buffers and cache.