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The external electrodes, often referred to as bipolar plates or backplates, serve to distribute fuel and oxygen uniformly to the catalysts, to remove water, to collect and transmit electric current. Thus, they need to be in close contact with the catalyst.
Bipolar plate Bipolar plate, conductive plate in a fuel-cell stack that acts as an anode for one cell and a cathode for the adjacent cell. The plate may be made of metal or a conductive polymer (which may be a carbon-filled composite). The plate usually incorporates flow channels for the fluid feeds and may also contain conduits for heat transfer.
The bipolar plates may be made of different types of materials, such as, metal, coated metal, graphite, flexible graphite, C–C composite, carbon–polymer composites etc. [30] The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is referred to as the heart of the PEMFC and is usually made of a proton-exchange membrane sandwiched between two catalyst-coated ...
The use of the bipolar option does not require the placement of a return electrode because the current only passes between tines of the forceps or other bipolar output device. Electrosurgery should only be performed by a physician who has received specific training in this field and who is familiar with the techniques used to prevent burns.
The hyfrecator does not require a dispersive return pad, referred-to in the electrosurgery field as a "ground pad," or "patient plate," because the hyfrecator can pass a very low-powered current between forceps tips via bipolar output, or pass an A.C. current between one pointed metal electrode probe and the patient, with the patient's self ...
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The bipolar and the monopolar plates are typically carbon-based materials. The monopolar plates are in contact with the respective electrode and the current collector. Bipolar plates separate adjacent cells and are in contact with a positive electrode on one side and a negative electrode on the other. The half-cells are separated by a separator.
Bipolar disorder is a long-term mood disorder characterized by major fluctuations in mood — both high and low — that can impact daily functioning and behavior.
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