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c. 1850 BC - c. 1700 BC (Old Assyrian) Map showing the approximate extent of the Upper Mesopotamian Empire at the death of Shamshi-Adad I c. 1721 BC. Map of the Ancient Near East showing the city-state Assur within the territory of the First Babylonian Dynasty during the reign of King Hammurabi's son and successor, Samsu-iluna (light green) c ...
In Greece, the First Peloponnesian War between the power-blocs of Athens and Sparta, which had continued on/off since 460 BC, finally ended in 445 BC, with the agreement of a thirty-year truce. [206] However, the growing enmity between Sparta and Athens would lead, just 14 years later, into the outbreak of the Second Peloponnesian War. [207]
409 Antandrus is annexed by Persia; 409 Abydos is besieged by Athens; 409 Sparta sieges Klazomenai; 409 Selinus and Himera are sacked by Carthage; 409 Byzantium recaptured by Alcibiades for Athens. 408 The 3 poleis of Rodos unite and build a new capital called Rodos; 408 Athens besieges Paleopoli; 408 Athens abandons Siege of Abydos; 408 Sparta ...
The vast majority of cities did as asked, fearing the wrath of Darius. In Athens, however, the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed; in Sparta, they were simply thrown down a well. [47] This firmly and finally drew the battle-lines for the coming conflict; Sparta and Athens, despite their recent enmity, would together fight the Persians.
Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom outside of the area dominated by the great city-states of Athens, Sparta and Thebes, and briefly subordinate to Achaemenid Persia. [3] During the reign of the Argead king Philip II (359–336 BC), Macedonia subdued mainland Greece and the Thracian Odrysian kingdom through conquest and ...
Opposition to Sparta enabled Athens to establish a Second Athenian League. Finally Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC in the Battle of Leuctra. But then the Greek cities (including Athens and Sparta) turned against Thebes, whose dominance was stopped at the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC) with the death of its military-genius leader Epaminondas.
In later Classical times, Sparta along with Athens, Thebes, and Persia were the main powers fighting for supremacy in the northeastern Mediterranean. In the course of the Peloponnesian War , Sparta, a traditional land power, acquired a navy which managed to overpower the previously dominant flotilla of Athens, ending the Athenian Empire .
Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods The Muses Clio, Euterpe, and Thalia, the inspirational Goddesses of literature, science, and the arts in Greek mythology (by Eustache Le Sueur, oil on panel, c. 1650s) A votive plaque known as the Ninnion Tablet depicting elements of the Eleusinian Mysteries, discovered in the sanctuary at Eleusis (mid-4th ...