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Intravitreal injection is the method of administration of drugs into the eye by injection with a fine needle. The medication will be directly applied into the vitreous humor . [ 1 ] It is used to treat various eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) , diabetic retinopathy , and infections inside the eye such as ...
"Intravitreal" literally means "inside an eye". Intravitreal injections were first introduced in 1911 when Ohm gave an injection of air into the vitreous humor to repair a detached retina. In the mid-1940s, intravitreal injections became a standard way to administer drugs to treat endophthalmitis and cytomegalovirus retinitis. [1]
Aflibercept, sold under the brand names Eylea and Zaltrap among others, is a medication used to treat wet macular degeneration and metastatic colorectal cancer. [14] [15] It was developed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. It is an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
It is given by intravitreal injection (injection into the eye) by an ophthalmologist. [1] Faricimab was developed by Roche in Penzberg (Roche Innovation Center Munich). [10] Faricimab was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2022, [8] [11] and in the European Union in September 2022. [7]
At a cost of $2,000.00 per injection, the cost to treat wet AMD patients in the United States is greater than $10.00 billion per year. Due to high cost, many ophthalmologists have turned to bevacizumab as the alternative intravitreal agent in the treatment of wet AMD.
Ranibizumab, sold under the brand name Lucentis among others, is a monoclonal antibody fragment created from the same parent mouse antibody as bevacizumab.It is an anti-angiogenic [16] that is approved to treat the "wet" type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD, also ARMD), diabetic retinopathy, and macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion or central retinal vein occlusion.
Avacincaptad pegol, sold under the brand name Izervay, is a medication used for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. [1] Avacincaptad pegol is a complement inhibitor. [1] Avacincaptad pegol was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2023. [2] [3] [4]
Ranibizumab is a smaller fragment, Fab fragment, of the parent bevacizumab molecule specifically designed for eye injections. [82] Other approved antiangiogenic drugs for the treatment of neo-vascular AMD include pegaptanib [83] and aflibercept. [84] These anti-VEGF agents may be administered monthly or adaptively.