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In control theory, overshoot refers to an output exceeding its final, steady-state value. [2] For a step input, the percentage overshoot (PO) is the maximum value minus the step value divided by the step value. In the case of the unit step, the overshoot is just the maximum value of the step
For a step input, the percentage overshoot (PO) is the maximum value minus the step value divided by the step value. In the case of the unit step, the overshoot is just the maximum value of the step response minus one. The percentage overshoot (PO) is related to damping ratio (ζ) by:
The equation relates values of the Riemann zeta function at the points s and 1 − s, in particular relating even positive integers with odd negative integers. Owing to the zeros of the sine function, the functional equation implies that ζ ( s ) has a simple zero at each even negative integer s = −2 n , known as the trivial zeros of ζ ( s ) .
The zeta function values listed below include function values at the negative even numbers (s = −2, −4, etc.), for which ζ(s) = 0 and which make up the so-called trivial zeros. The Riemann zeta function article includes a colour plot illustrating how the function varies over a continuous rectangular region of the complex plane.
Berry, Michael V. (1995), "The Riemann–Siegel expansion for the zeta function: high orders and remainders", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences , 450 (1939): 439–462, doi : 10.1098/rspa.1995.0093 , ISSN 0962-8444 , MR 1349513 , Zbl 0842.11030
Tay, Mareels and Moore (1998) defined settling time as "the time required for the response curve to reach and stay within a range of certain percentage (usually 5% or 2%) of the final value." [ 2 ] Mathematical detail
The researchers discovered that people who had high fluctuations in their cholesterol levels had a 60 percent higher risk of developing dementia and a 23 percent greater risk of cognitive decline.
In number theory, the local zeta function Z(V, s) (sometimes called the congruent zeta function or the Hasse–Weil zeta function) is defined as (,) = (= ())where V is a non-singular n-dimensional projective algebraic variety over the field F q with q elements and N k is the number of points of V defined over the finite field extension F q k of F q.