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From level 4, the atoms again decay by a fast, non-radiative transition Ra into the level 3. Since the lifetime of the laser transition L is long compared to that of Ra (τ 32 ≫ τ 43), a population accumulates in level 3 (the upper laser level), which may relax by spontaneous or stimulated emission into level 2 (the lower laser level).
Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise (or "pump") electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one. It is commonly used in laser construction to pump the active laser medium so as to achieve population inversion. The technique was developed by the 1966 Nobel Prize winner Alfred Kastler in the ...
Schematic diagram of a typical laser, showing the three major parts. A laser is constructed from three principal parts: An energy source (usually referred to as the pump or pump source), A gain medium or laser medium, and; Two or more mirrors that form an optical resonator.
Schematic diagram of a typical 2-3 mW red (633 nm) helium–neon laser tube Commercial He-Ne lasers are relatively small devices compared to other gas lasers, having cavity lengths usually ranging from 15 to 50 cm (but sometimes up to about 1 meter to achieve the highest powers), and optical output power levels ranging from 0.5 to 50 m W .
Light is generated in a semiconductor laser by radiative recombination of electrons and holes. In order to generate more light by stimulated emission than is lost by absorption, the system's population density has to be inverted, see the article on lasers. A laser is, thus, always a high carrier density system that entails many-body interactions.
Copper vapor laser. A copper vapor laser (CVL) uses vapors of copper as the lasing medium in a 4-level laser. [1] It produces green laser light at 510.6 nm and yellow laser light at 578.2 nm. The pulse width is typically from 5 to 60 ns, and peak power from 50 to 5000 kW. Its pulse repetition frequencies can be 2 to 100 kHz.
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A telescope in the Very Large Telescope system producing four orange laser guide stars. A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
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