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The radula (US: / ˈ r æ dʒ ʊ l ə /; pl.: radulae or radulas) [1] is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. [2] It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus .
The buccal mass is the first part of the digestive system, and consists of the mouth and pharynx. The mouth includes a radula, and in most cases, also a pair of jaws. The pharynx can be very large, especially in carnivorous species. Many carnivorous species have developed a proboscis, containing the oral cavity, radula, and part of the ...
The subradular organ is a sensory organ below the grinding mouthparts of some molluscs, specifically the chitons. [1] This organ is involved in chemoreception - that is, in judging the nature of food or the substratum. In this sense, it can be considered a 'smell' or 'taste' organ; food is sensed before each stroke of the radula. [1]
The main body cavity is a hemocoel through which blood circulates; as such, their circulatory systems are mainly open. The "generalized" mollusc's feeding system consists of a rasping "tongue", the radula, and a complex digestive system in which exuded mucus and microscopic, muscle-powered "hairs" called cilia play various
Additionally, both new genera possess a unique stem structure with an extra layer of cells called a subepidermis, which is absent in Radula. [7] The revision divided the family into three genera: Radula (comprising most species), Cladoradula (seven tropical and temperate species), and the monotypic Dactyloradula (D. brunnea from Japan). This ...
The most distinctive feature is its stem structure, which has a bistratose cortex (an outer protective layer made up of two cell layers). The inner layer of the cortex contains slightly larger cells than the outer layer, and both layers exhibit strong brown pigmentation in their cell walls .
Cladoradula is a genus of liverworts in the family Radulaceae. [2] Distinguished by its thick, brown-pigmented stems and distinctive branching pattern, it comprises seven species found primarily in tropical and temperate forest regions worldwide.
There are other systems in the body that are not organ systems—for example, the immune system protects the organism from infection, but it is not an organ system since it is not composed of organs. Some organs are in more than one system—for example, the nose is in the respiratory system and also serves as a sensory organ in the nervous ...