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Peto's paradox is the observation that, at the species level, the incidence of cancer does not appear to correlate with the number of cells in an organism. [1] For example, the incidence of cancer in humans is much higher than the incidence of cancer in whales, [2] despite whales having more cells than humans.
A transmissible cancer is a cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells that can be transferred between individuals without the involvement of an infectious agent, such as an oncovirus. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The evolution of transmissible cancer has occurred naturally in other animal species, but human cancer transmission is rare. [ 2 ]
In humans with this cancer there is increased ErbB2 production of receptor tyrosine kinase and Syrian hamsters with this cancer also have increased levels of that kinase. [9] As the tumor develops in the hamster, they also have increased gene expression in p53 and c-myc which is similar to human cancer development. [ 10 ]
Other species of hamsters are known to fill their pouches with air, allowing them to float better while they swim. [7] [8] Cheek pouch prolapse in an anesthetized Russian hamster (Phodopus sp.) The cheek pouches can become infected as a result of an injury caused by a sharp object inserted into them or a fight.
Humans become infested by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis; [1] other mammals can be infested with different varieties of the mite. They include wild and domesticated dogs and cats (in which it is one cause of mange ), ungulates , wild boars , bovids , wombats , [ 2 ] koalas , and great apes .
DFTD is estimated to have first developed in 1986. [3] There are two currently existing strains, both appearing to be derived from Schwann cells. [4] DFT1 is the main and older strain that infects most of the devil population. It was first described in 1996 in an animal from Mount William National Park in northeastern Tasmania. [2]
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The hypothesis that SV40 might cause cancer in humans was a particularly controversial area of research, fuelled by the historical contamination of some batches of polio vaccine with SV40 in the 1950s and 1960s. [4] "Persuasive evidence now indicates that SV40 is causing infections in humans today and represents an emerging pathogen."