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In eukaryotes, catalase is usually located in a cellular organelle called the peroxisome. [30] Peroxisomes in plant cells are involved in photorespiration (the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (the breaking apart of diatomic nitrogen (N 2) to reactive nitrogen atoms). Hydrogen peroxide is used as a ...
C. Carbocatalysis; Catalase; Catalysis; Catalyst poisoning; Catalytic combustion; Catalytic converter; Catalytic cycle; Catalytic oxidation; Catalytic resonance theory
An illustrative example is the effect of catalysts to speed the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen: . 2 H 2 O 2 → 2 H 2 O + O 2. This reaction proceeds because the reaction products are more stable than the starting compound, but this decomposition is so slow that hydrogen peroxide solutions are commercially available.
The succinate dehydrogenase complex showing several cofactors, including flavin, iron–sulfur centers, and heme.. A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction).
Several costs are associated with this metabolic pathway; the production of hydrogen peroxide in the peroxisome (associated with the conversion of glycolate to glyoxylate). Hydrogen peroxide is a dangerously strong oxidant which must be immediately split into water and oxygen by the enzyme catalase.
The proton motive force and ATP production can be maintained by intracellular acidosis. [88] Cytosolic protons that have accumulated with ATP hydrolysis and lactic acidosis can freely diffuse across the mitochondrial outer-membrane and acidify the inter-membrane space, hence directly contributing to the proton motive force and ATP production.
Kinetically perfect enzymes have a specificity constant, k cat /K m, on the order of 10 8 to 10 9 M −1 s −1.The rate of the enzyme-catalysed reaction is limited by diffusion and so the enzyme 'processes' the substrate well before it encounters another molecule.
Lipid peroxidation, or lipid oxidation, is a complex chemical process that leads to oxidative degradation of lipids, [1] resulting in the formation of peroxide and hydroperoxide derivatives. [2]