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High levels of rheumatoid factor (in general, above 20 IU/mL, 1:40, or over the 95th percentile; there is some variation among labs) occur in rheumatoid arthritis (present in 80%) and Sjögren's syndrome (present in 50-70% of primary forms of disease). [11] The higher the level of RF the greater the probability of destructive articular disease.
It has been shown that the prevalence of positive tests for thyroid antibodies increases with age, "with a frequency as high as 33 percent in women 70 years old or older." [ 25 ] Hashimoto's thyroiditis can occur at any age, including children, [ 119 ] but more commonly appears in middle age , particularly for men. [ 123 ]
Women typically make up some 80% of autoimmune disease patients. [48] Whilst many proposals have been made for the cause of this high weighting, no clear explanation is available. [49] [50] A possible role for hormonal factors has been suggested. [51]
Anti-rheumatoid factor antibodies are also increased. [95] In addition, cross-reactive anti-beef-collagen antibodies (IgG) may explain some rheumatoid arthritis (RA) incidences. [ 96 ] Although the presence of anti-beef collagen antibodies does not necessarily lead to RA, the RA association with Triticeae consumption is secondary to GSE and ...
Genome-wide analyses of human cancer tissues reveal that a single typical cancer cell may possess roughly 100 mutations in coding regions, 10–20 of which are "driver mutations" that contribute to cancer development. [46] However, chronic inflammation also causes epigenetic changes such as DNA methylations, that are often more common than ...
There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts of these pumps, known as p-glycoprotein, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p ...
The cause is unknown, but it may be due to an abnormal immune response. [2] Risk factors include family history, certain genetic factors, and exposure to silica . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The underlying mechanism involves the abnormal growth of connective tissue , which is believed to be the result of the immune system attacking healthy tissues. [ 6 ]
Some women may have heavier or longer periods or breakthrough bleeding. Bruising, particularly purpura in the forearms and petechiae in the feet, legs, and mucous membranes, may be caused by spontaneous bleeding under the skin. [8] [9] Eliciting a full medical history is vital to ensure the low platelet count is not secondary to another disorder.