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A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect unintentional all-zero messages.
The description above is given for what is now called a serially concatenated code. Turbo codes, as described first in 1993, implemented a parallel concatenation of two convolutional codes, with an interleaver between the two codes and an iterative decoder that passes information forth and back between the codes. [6]
In coding theory, burst error-correcting codes employ methods of correcting burst errors, which are errors that occur in many consecutive bits rather than occurring in bits independently of each other.
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Program execution; General concepts; Code; Translation. Compiler. Compile time; Optimizing compiler; Intermediate representation (IR); Execution. Runtime system. Runtime
The rate of a block code is defined as the ratio between its message length and its block length: = /. A large rate means that the amount of actual message per transmitted block is high.
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Verhoeff's notes that the particular permutation, given above, is special as it has the property of detecting 95.3% of the phonetic errors. [8] The strengths of the algorithm are that it detects all transliteration and transposition errors, and additionally most twin, twin jump, jump transposition and phonetic errors.