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Evolution of fish to tetrapods. The basic body plan has been phylogenetically constrained. Most terrestrial vertebrates have a body plan that consist of four limbs. The phylogenetic inertia hypothesis suggests that this body plan is observed, not because it happens to be optimal, but because tetrapods are derived from a clade of fishes (Sarcopterygii) which also have four limbs.
Müller demonstrated that crustaceans shared the Nauplius larva, identifying several parasitic species that had not been recognized as crustaceans. Müller also recognized that natural selection must act on larvae, just as it does on adults, giving the lie to recapitulation, which would require larval forms to be shielded from natural selection ...
Evidence for an alternative model arose from careful comparisons of the temporal divergence in morphology of the embryos of different species. For example, Klaus Sander noticed that the “incredible variation in larvae and adults” of insects occurs after they "develop from nearly identical rudiments in the germ band stage."
Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in The Origin of Species .
The statement is often misinterpreted as claiming that evolution is not reversible, [3] or that lost structures and organs cannot reappear in the same form by any process of devolution. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] According to Richard Dawkins , the law is "really just a statement about the statistical improbability of following exactly the same evolutionary ...
However, as found by Rebecci et al. in their 2020 study, desiccation is a major selective force in only terrestrial environments, which the larva will combat by dauer dormancy. [19] Phylogenetic analysis of nematodes suggests that parasitic lineages are derived overwhelmingly from terrestrial ancestors, even with lineages that reside in water.
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First published in 1951, two years after his death, Larval Forms and Other Zoological Verses (ISBN 978-0-226-28423-1) is a compilation of 26 poems by Garstang on the form, function and development of various larval invertebrates. Although they were published posthumously, Garstang had had a desire to publish them for many years and never did ...