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One of the major perceptual signs of vocal fold nodules is a change in the quality of the voice. [1] The voice may be perceived as hoarse, [4] [5] due to aperiodic vibrations of the vocal folds, [5] and may also be perceived as breathy, [4] [5] due to an incomplete closure of the vocal folds upon phonation.
Vocal fold injuries can have a number of causes including chronic overuse, chemical, thermal and mechanical trauma such as smoking, laryngeal cancer, and surgery. Other benign pathological phenomena like polyps, vocal fold nodules and edema will also introduce disordered phonation. [34]
The swelling of the vocal folds cause ballooned-like appearance, known as a polyp. The polyps of Reinke's edema are usually benign, however, there may be a risk of cancer if the patient is a smoker. Additionally, if the edema becomes too severe, patients may experience difficulty breathing due to airway obstruction .
Ligament vocal fold cysts- located within the deeper layers of the lamina propria or on the vocal ligament. [1] The symptoms of vocal fold cysts vary but most commonly include a hoarse voice and problems with the pitch of the voice. Vocal fold cysts are diagnosed based on gathering a case history, perceptual examination, and laryngeal imaging. [3]
Most polyps are larger than nodules, which are more similar to callouses on the vocal folds. Polyps and nodules can exhibit similar symptoms including hoarseness or breathiness, "rough" or "scratchy" voice, harshness in vocal quality, shooting pain from ear to ear, sensation of having "a lump in the back of the throat", neck pain, decreased ...
Laryngeal cancer may spread by: direct extension to adjacent structures, metastasis to regional cervical lymph nodes, or via the blood stream. The most common site of distant metastases is the lung. Laryngeal cancer occurred in 177,000 people in 2018, and resulted in 94,800 deaths (an increase from 76,000 deaths in 1990).
Diplophonia is a result of vocal fold vibrations that are quasi-periodic in nature. [2] It has been reported from old days, but there is no uniform interpretation of established mechanisms. [ 3 ] It has been established that diplophonia can be caused by various vocal fold pathologies, such as vocal folds polyp , vocal fold nodule , recurrent ...
In normal vocal folds, the jelly-like "Reinke's space" is very loose and abundant with interstitial proteins such as hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, proteoglycan like fibromodulin, decorin and versican. All these extracellular matrix components together regulate the water content of vocal fold and render the viscous shear property for it.