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Elam (/ ˈ iː l ə m /) [a] was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration elam(a), along with the later Akkadian elamtu, and the ...
Elam as a personal name also refers to other figures appearing in the Hebrew Bible: Elam is a son of Shashak of the tribe of Benjamin in 1 Chronicles 8:24 . Elam is the son of Meshelemiah, a Levite of the family of Kohath in 1 Chronicles 26:3. Elam is the ancestor of a family that returned with Zerubbabel in Ezra 2:1-2,7.
The Sukkalmah period was one of the most prosperous in Elamite history, marked by unprecedented prestige and influence. Elam was frequently a powerbroker in Mesopotamian politics, entering into uneasy alliances with various states and rulers. [27] Several new developments also took place within Elam during this time.
The Proto-Elamite period, also known as Susa III, is a chronological era in the ancient history of the area of Elam, dating from c. 3100 BC to 2700 BC. [1] [3] In archaeological terms this corresponds to the late Banesh period. Proto-Elamite sites are recognized as the oldest civilization in Iran.
Babylon's seventh dynasty, also known as the Elamite dynasty, was founded around 980 BC. [3] [4] It was the third of a series of very short lived Babylonian dynasties, namely the Second Sealand Dynasty, the Bazi Dynasty and the Elamite Dynasty. [4] [5] Its first and sole ruler was the Elamite Mar-biti-apla-usur.
The 14th century in America probably also brought decline of the Mississippian culture, especially in the northern states. Dendroclimatology suggests that severe droughts ravaged the American Southwest and especially the Southern Plains early in the period, leading to a rapid cultural decline.
The eventual collapse of the Kassite dynasty, and end of the Middle Babylonian period, came in two successive invasions by the Assyrians and Elamites. [12] In 1158 BC the Assyrians invaded Babylonia, which was subsequently followed in the same year by an Elamite invasion. [ 12 ]
The Sumer–Elam war took place across present-day Iraq and Iran and is one of the earliest conflicts for which contemporaneous, anecdotal evidence exists, though details of this war are slight. Fought between the forces of Sumer and Elam, it began c. 2600 BC. [1] [2] The written sources on the conflict are the earliest mentioning Elam's ...