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R-22 use is being phased out in developing countries, where it is largely used for air conditioning applications. R-22 is prepared from chloroform: HCCl 3 + 2 HF → HCF 2 Cl + 2 HCl. An important application of R-22 is as a precursor to tetrafluoroethylene. This conversion involves pyrolysis to give difluorocarbene, which dimerizes: [3]
R-134a 0.000015 Chlorodifluoromethane (CClF 2-H) R-22 0.05 Chlorotrifluoromethane (CClF 2-F) R-13 1.00 Bromotrifluoromethane (CBrF 3) Halon 1301 15.9 Dichlorodifluoromethane (CClF 2-Cl) R-12 1.00 Bromochlorodifluoromethane (CClF 2-Br) R-12B1 7.9 Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) R-10 0.82 Bromochloromethane (CH 2 BrCl) Halon 1101 0.12 Nitrous oxide ...
According to ASHRAE standard 34, the R-number of a chemical refrigerant is assigned systematically according to its molecular structure and has between two and four digits. If there are carbon -carbon multiple bonds , there are four digits in all: the number of these bonds is the first digit and the number of carbon atoms minus one (C-1) is next.
[12] [13] For example, for a single component, a 3D Cartesian coordinate type graph can show temperature (T) on one axis, pressure (p) on a second axis, and specific volume (v) on a third. Such a 3D graph is sometimes called a p–v–T diagram. The equilibrium conditions are shown as curves on a curved surface in 3D with areas for solid ...
Economic graphs are presented only in the first quadrant of the Cartesian plane when the variables conceptually can only take on non-negative values (such as the quantity of a product that is produced). Even though the axes refer to numerical variables, specific values are often not introduced if a conceptual point is being made that would ...
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Propylene, butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations such as C 2 H 6, CH 4, and C 3 H 8. HD-5 limits the amount of propylene that can be placed in LPG to 5% and is utilized as an autogas specification. [12] A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The ...
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