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Although pollination can be achieved during pollen transport via wind, a large amount is also achieved via insect, specifically bee transport. In 1986, there was an estimated 17,000 million worth of crops that were solely pollinated by insects in the United States.
Trees that are cross-pollinated or pollinated via an insect pollinator produce more fruit than trees with flowers that just self-pollinate. [1] In fruit trees, bees are an essential part of the pollination process for the formation of fruit. [2] Pollination of fruit trees around the world has been highly studied for hundreds of years. [1] Much ...
The existence of insect pollination dates back to the dinosaur era. [13] Insect pollinators such as honey bees (Apis spp.), [14] bumblebees (Bombus spp.), [15] [16] and butterflies (e.g., Thymelicus flavus) [17] have been observed to engage in flower constancy, which means they are more likely to transfer pollen to other conspecific plants. [18]
Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects. Flowers pollinated by insects typically advertise themselves with bright colours, sometimes with conspicuous patterns (honey guides) leading to rewards of pollen and nectar ; they may also ...
Plants fall into pollination syndromes that reflect the type of pollinator being attracted. These are characteristics such as: overall flower size, the depth and width of the corolla, the color (including patterns called nectar guides that are visible only in ultraviolet light), the scent, amount of nectar, composition of nectar, etc. [2] For example, birds visit red flowers with long, narrow ...
Nonetheless, an estimated 87.5% of the world's flowering plant species are animal-pollinated, [36] and 60% of crop plant species [37] use animal pollinators. This includes the majority of fruits, many vegetables, and also fodder. [38] According to the USDA 80% of insect crop pollination in the US is due to honey bees. [39]
Anthecology, or pollination biology, is the study of pollination as well as the relationships between flowers and their pollinators. [1]: 8 Floral biology is a bigger field that includes these studies. Most flowering plants, or angiosperms, are pollinated by animals, and especially by insects. [2]
Depending on the species, floral color change can affect an entire flower or it can occur in localized parts. Previous research has found that moth-pollinated flowers are more likely to have whole flower color changes, while other insect-pollinated flowers are more likely to have localized color changes. [7]