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2. Right-hand rule - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-hand_rule

   For right-handed coordinates, if the thumb of a person's right hand points along the z-axis in the positive direction (third coordinate vector), then the fingers curl from the positive x-axis (first coordinate vector) toward the positive y-axis (second coordinate vector).

3. Cartesian coordinate system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system

   Fig. 8 – The right-handed Cartesian coordinate system indicating the coordinate planes. Once the x- and y-axes are specified, they determine the line along which the z-axis should lie, but there are two possible orientations for this line. The two possible coordinate systems, which result are called 'right-handed' and 'left-handed'. [13]

4. Direction (geometry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_(geometry)

   A Cartesian coordinate system is defined in terms of several oriented reference lines, called coordinate axes; any arbitrary direction can be represented numerically by finding the direction cosines (a list of cosines of the angles) between the given direction and the directions of the axes; the direction cosines are the coordinates of the ...

5. Coordinate system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_system

   Another common coordinate system for the plane is the polar coordinate system. [7] A point is chosen as the pole and a ray from this point is taken as the polar axis. For a given angle θ, there is a single line through the pole whose angle with the polar axis is θ (measured counterclockwise from the axis to the line).

6. Orientation (vector space) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(vector_space)

   The left-handed orientation is shown on the left, and the right-handed on the right. The orientation of a real vector space or simply orientation of a vector space is the arbitrary choice of which ordered bases are "positively" oriented and which are "negatively" oriented.

7. Orthogonal coordinates - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_coordinates

   For example, the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) is an orthogonal coordinate system, since its coordinate surfaces x = constant, y = constant, and z = constant are planes that meet at right angles to one another, i.e., are perpendicular. Orthogonal coordinates are a special but extremely common case of curvilinear coordinates.