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Tolvaptan, sold under the brand name Samsca among others, is an aquaretic drug that functions as a selective, competitive vasopressin receptor 2 (V 2) antagonist used to treat hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).
It is a prodrug of tolvaptan, [1] [2] formulated as the salt tolvaptan sodium phosphate, for intravenous administration. Tolvaptan phosphate is converted into the active drug tolvaptan in the human body following administration. It was developed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. and was approved for use in Japan in 2022. [3]
The "vaptan" drugs act by directly blocking the action of vasopressin at its receptors (V 1A, V 1B and V 2).These receptors have a variety of functions, with the V 1A and V 2 receptors are expressed peripherally and involved in the modulation of blood pressure and kidney function respectively, while the V 1A and V 1B receptors are expressed in the central nervous system.
Conivaptan, sold under the brand name Vaprisol, is a non-peptide inhibitor of the receptor for anti-diuretic hormone, also called vasopressin.It was approved in 2004 for hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels).
Lixivaptan (VPA-985) is an orally-active, non-peptide, selective vasopressin 2 receptor antagonist being developed as an investigational drug by Palladio Biosciences, Inc. (Palladio), a subsidiary of Centessa Pharmaceuticals plc.
Freemake Video Downloader is a crippleware download manager for Microsoft Windows, developed by Ellora Assets Corporation. It is proprietary software that can download online video and audio. [2] [3] Both HTTP and HTTPS protocols are supported. Users must purchase a premium upgrade to remove Freemake branding on videos and unlock the ability to ...
Video laryngoscopes are specialized fiberoptic laryngoscopes that use a digital video camera sensor to allow the operator to view the glottis and larynx on a video monitor. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Other "noninvasive" devices which can be employed to assist in tracheal intubation are the laryngeal mask airway [ 15 ] (used as a conduit for endotracheal ...
The use in SIADH actually relies on a side effect; demeclocycline induces nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (dehydration due to the inability to concentrate urine). [ 10 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The use of demeclocycline in SIADH was first reported in 1975, [ 14 ] and, in 1978, a larger study found it to be more effective and better tolerated than lithium ...