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Systems for phonetic transcription thus furnish rules for mapping individual sounds or phones to written symbols. Systems for orthographic transcription , by contrast, consist of rules for mapping spoken words onto written forms as prescribed by the orthography of a given language.
For example, the Mandarin Chinese name for the capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing using the commonly used contemporary system Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, but in the historically significant Wade–Giles system, it is written Pei-Ching. Practical transcription can be done into a non-alphabetic language too.
For example, the English word little may be transcribed broadly as [ˈlɪtəl], approximately describing many pronunciations. A narrower transcription may focus on individual or dialectical details: [ˈɫɪɾɫ] in General American, [ˈlɪʔo] in Cockney, or [ˈɫɪːɫ] in Southern US English.
Transcription (linguistics), the representations of speech or signing in written form Orthographic transcription, a transcription method that employs the standard spelling system of each target language; Phonetic transcription, the representation of specific speech sounds or sign components; service and software
To take an example from American English: the phoneme /t/ in the words "table" and "cat" would, in both a phonemic orthography and in IPA phonemic transcription, be written with the same character, while phonetic transcription would make a distinction between the aspirated "t" in "table", the flap in "butter", the unaspirated "t" in "stop" and ...
Sample of text from A Christmas Carol, published in Gregg shorthand, 1918. Many of the letters shown are also brief forms, or standard abbreviations for the most common words for increased speed in writing. [12] For instance, instead of writing kan for "can", the Gregg stenographer just writes k. [4] These brief forms are shown on the adjacent ...
As vocabulary becomes naturalised, there is an increasing tendency to omit the accent marks, even in formal writing. For example, rôle and hôtel originally had accents when they were borrowed into English, but now the accents are almost never used. The words were originally considered foreign—and some people considered that English ...
Examples of this transcription may be seen in Pike's Phonemics [9] and in many of the papers reprinted in Joos's Readings in Linguistics 1. [10] In the days before it was possible to create phonetic fonts for computer printers and computerized typesetting, this system allowed material to be typed on existing typewriters to create printable ...
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