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Lateral medullary syndrome is a neurological disorder causing a range of symptoms due to ischemia in the lateral part of the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. The ischemia is a result of a blockage most commonly in the vertebral artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery . [ 1 ]
Waardenburg syndrome has multiple different types with some variations in symptoms, and symptoms can vary among those with the same type. The two features consistent across all types of Waardenburg syndrome are some degree of congenital sensorineural hearing loss and some degree of pigmentation deficiencies, most consistently in the eyes. [11]
It results in common Waardenburg syndrome symptoms such as abnormal hair and skin pigmentation and heterochromia, but also present with symptoms of Hirschsprung's disease. [citation needed] Symptoms include abdominal pain and bowel obstruction. Waardenburg syndrome type 4A is the rarest among the types, appearing only once in about every ...
Walker–Warburg syndrome (WWS), also called Warburg syndrome, Chemke syndrome, HARD syndrome (Hydrocephalus, Agyria and Retinal Dysplasia), Pagon syndrome, cerebroocular dysgenesis (COD) or cerebroocular dysplasia-muscular dystrophy syndrome (COD-MD), [1] is a rare form of autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy. [2]
Wartenberg's sign is not a feature of, and should not be confused with, Wartenberg's syndrome. The latter involves compression at the wrist of the superficial sensory branch of the radial nerve which does not innervate hand muscles.
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There is no direct treatment for the patients with Waardenburg syndrome type 1, however, there are multiple ways in which the symptoms are managed. There are some options for hearing loss aid depending on the type faced by the patient. In previous cases, cochlea implants were successful to aid the hearing loss. [1]
Babinski–Nageotte syndrome is an alternating brainstem syndrome. It occurs when there is damage to the dorsolateral or posterior lateral medulla oblongata , likely syphilitic in origin. [ 1 ] Hence it is also called the alternating medulla oblongata syndrome.