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In control theory, quantitative feedback theory (QFT), developed by Isaac Horowitz (Horowitz, 1963; Horowitz and Sidi, 1972), is a frequency domain technique utilising the Nichols chart (NC) in order to achieve a desired robust design over a specified region of plant uncertainty.
The moving ranges involved are serially correlated so runs or cycles can show up on the moving average chart that do not indicate real problems in the underlying process. [ 2 ] : 237 In some cases, it may be advisable to use the median of the moving range rather than its average, as when the calculated range data contains a few large values ...
Hybridization among poplars is common where ever populations overlap, however the degree of introgression varies greatly depending on the species. One study exploring the extent of introgression among three species of poplar trees (P. balsamifera, P. angustifolia and P. trichocarpa) conducted along the Rock Mountain range in the U.S. and Canada ...
The closed-loop transfer function is measured at the output. The output signal can be calculated from the closed-loop transfer function and the input signal. Signals may be waveforms, images, or other types of data streams.
Character displacement was first explicitly explained by William L. Brown Jr. and E. O. Wilson in 1956: "Two closely related species have overlapping ranges. [1] In the parts of the ranges where one species occurs alone, the populations of that species are similar to the other species and may even be very difficult to distinguish from it.
The chart portion of the forest plot will be on the right hand side and will indicate the mean difference in effect between the test and control groups in the studies. A more precise rendering of the data shows up in number form in the text of each line, while a somewhat less precise graphic representation shows up in chart form on the right.
[A] The FIR filter is a boxcar lowpass with M=16 samples, the length of the segments is L=100 samples and the overlap is 15 samples. The concept is to compute short segments of y[n] of an arbitrary length L, and concatenate the segments together. That requires longer input segments that overlap the next input segment.
On one extreme is allopatry, in which the overlap is zero (no gene flow), and on the other extreme is sympatry, in which the ranges overlap completely (maximal gene flow). The varying definitions of sympatric speciation fall generally into two categories: definitions based on biogeography, or on population genetics.