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[56] [78] As a result of downregulated signaling through these proteins, opiates cause VTA neuronal hyperexcitability and shrinkage (specifically, the size of the neuronal soma is reduced). [56] It has been shown that when an opiate-naive person begins using opiates in concentrations that induce euphoria, BDNF signaling increases in the VTA. [79]
A toxidrome (a portmanteau of toxic and syndrome, coined in 1970 by Mofenson and Greensher [2]) is a syndrome caused by a dangerous level of toxins in the body. It is often the consequence of a drug overdose. Common symptoms include dizziness, disorientation, nausea, vomiting and oscillopsia.
Opiate overdose symptoms and signs can be referred to as the "opioid toxidrome triad": decreased level of consciousness, pinpoint pupils and respiratory depression. Other symptoms include seizures and muscle spasms. Sometimes an opiate overdose can lead to such a decreased level of consciousness such that the person will not wake up.
The terms 'opioid' and 'opiate' are sometimes used interchangeably, but the term 'opioid' is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain. [4] Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum. [5] [6]
Opiate withdrawal syndrome effects are associated with the abrupt cessation or reduction of prolonged opiate usage. The manifestation of opiate dependence and abuse relies on a variety of factors, including the opiate's pharmacokinetic properties and the user's predisposition for addiction. [9]
“The brain may get OK with time in some persons. But it’s hard to find a person who has completely normal brain function after a long cycle of opiate addiction, not without specific medication treatment.” An abstinence-only treatment that may have a higher success rate for alcoholics simply fails opiate addicts.
Opiates such as morphine have been used for pain relief in the United States since the 1800s, and were used during the American Civil War. [59] [60] Opiates soon became known as a wonder drug and were prescribed for a wide array of ailments, even for relatively minor treatments such as cough relief. [61] Bayer began marketing heroin ...
4. Jell-O Pudding Pops. Once a beloved treat of the 70s and 80s, Pudding Pops were a freezer aisle favorite that blended the creamy texture of pudding with the chill of a popsicle.