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Publication bias can be contained through better-powered studies, enhanced research standards, and careful consideration of true and non-true relationships. [46] Better-powered studies refer to large studies that deliver definitive results or test major concepts and lead to low-bias meta-analysis.
Selection bias may result in a non-representative population of test subjects in spite of best efforts to obtain a representative sample. Even a double-blind study may be subject to biased selection of dependent variables, population (via inclusion and exclusion criteria), sample size, statistical methods, or inappropriate comparators, any of ...
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic research is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a significant finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. [138]
In addition to the main result, Ioannidis lists six corollaries for factors that can influence the reliability of published research. Research findings in a scientific field are less likely to be true, the smaller the studies conducted. the smaller the effect sizes. the greater the number and the lesser the selection of tested relationships.
According to philosopher of science Felipe Romero, this tends to produce "misleading literature and biased meta-analytic studies", [27] and when publication bias is considered along with the fact that a majority of tested hypotheses might be false a priori, it is plausible that a considerable proportion of research findings might be false ...
However, this kind of confirmation bias has also been argued to be an example of social skill; a way to establish a connection with the other person. [9] Although this research overwhelmingly involves human subjects, some studies have found bias in non-human animals as well.
Academic bias has also been argued as a problem due to discrimination against conservative students. Research has indicated that conservative Christians may experience discrimination on colleges and universities, but these studies are anecdotal and rely on self-reported perceptions of discrimination. For example, the Hyers' study includes ...
Bias –also known as spin- in research reporting interventional medical studies could arise from, misleading reporting, misleading interpretation and inadequate extrapolation of the results or conclusions. [31] [32] [33] Research reporting bias can take various forms. Misleading reporting could be attributed to failure to report adverse ...