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Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), analgesic, and antipyretic used in horses, cattle and pigs. It is often formulated as the meglumine salt.In the United States, it is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and may only be lawfully distributed by order of a licensed veterinarian.
Side effects from intra-articular administration can include joint pain, swelling, lameness, and, rarely, infection of the joint. Intramuscular injection can cause dose-dependent inflammation and bleeding, since PSGAG is an analogue of the anticoagulant heparin. [4] In dogs, this may manifest as bleeding from the nose or as bloody stools. [7]
Common side effects include hot flashes, unstable mood, trouble sleeping, headaches, and pain at the site of injection. [10] Other side effects may include high blood sugar, allergic reactions, and problems with the pituitary gland. [10] Use during pregnancy may harm foetal development. [10]
Recurrent airway obstruction, also known as broken wind, heaves, wind-broke horse, or sometimes by the term usually reserved for humans, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or disorder (COPD) – it is a respiratory disease or chronic condition of horses involving an allergic bronchitis characterised by wheezing, coughing and laboured breathing.
Xylazine is widely used in veterinary medicine as a sedative, muscle relaxant, and analgesic. It is frequently used in the treatment of tetanus. [1] It is not used in human medical treatment. Xylazine is similar to drugs such as phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, and clonidine. [3]
Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) is a medication made up of antibodies used in the treatment of diphtheria. [1] [2] It is no longer recommended for prevention of diphtheria. [2] [3] It is administered through injection into a vein or muscle. [2] Side effects are common. [3] They include serum sickness and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. [2]
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), or equine Cushing's disease, is an endocrine disease affecting the pituitary gland of horses. It is most commonly seen in older animals, [1] and is classically associated with the formation of a long, wavy coat and chronic laminitis.
Side effects are not common, but the use of acepromazine in stallions should be used with caution (but is not absolutely contraindicated) due to the risk of paraphimosis and priapism. [ 6 ] Acepromazine also lowers blood pressure, and should therefore be used with caution in horses that are experiencing anemia , dehydration , shock , or colic .