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Original file (1,754 × 1,239 pixels, file size: 339 KB, MIME type: application/pdf) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons . Information from its description page there is shown below.
This example illustrates how a car and a truck affect the surface of a road differently according to the fourth power law. Car (total weight 2 tonnes, 2 axles): load per axle: 1 tonnes; Truck (total weight 30 tonnes, 3 axles): load per axle: 10 tonnes = =, times as large
This work is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or any later version. This work is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied ...
A PDF file is organized using ASCII characters, except for certain elements that may have binary content. The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7. The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. [24]
A back-of-the-envelope calculation is a rough calculation, typically jotted down on any available scrap of paper such as an envelope. It is more than a guess but less than an accurate calculation or mathematical proof. The defining characteristic of back-of-the-envelope calculations is the use of simplified assumptions.
The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in a study is usually determined based on the cost, time, or convenience of collecting the data, and the need for it to offer sufficient statistical power .
Expected shortfall (ES) is a risk measure—a concept used in the field of financial risk measurement to evaluate the market risk or credit risk of a portfolio. The "expected shortfall at q% level" is the expected return on the portfolio in the worst % of cases.
The jackknife estimator of a parameter is found by systematically leaving out each observation from a dataset and calculating the parameter estimate over the remaining observations and then aggregating these calculations. For example, if the parameter to be estimated is the population mean of random variable , then for a given set of i.i.d ...
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