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The Tsardom of Russia, [a] also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, [b] was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721. From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. [11]
[1] [2] In the aftermath, GDP per capita was volatile and did not substantially increase. [1] [2] Steady economic growth began in the 1890s, alongside a structural transformation of the Russian economy. [1] By the time World War I started, more than half the Russian economy was still devoted to agriculture.
Before the liberation of the serfs in 1861, Russia's economy mainly depended on agriculture. [139] By the census of 1897, 95% of the Russian population lived in the countryside. [140] Nicholas I attempted to modernise his country, and have it not been so dependent on a single economic sector. [141] During the reign of Alexander III, many ...
The third stands. And there will be no fourth. No one shall replace your Christian Tsardom!". [17] This led to the concept of a messianic Orthodox Russian nation as the Holy Rus. [18]: 33 Russia claimed to be the protector of Orthodox Christians as it expanded into the territories of the Ottoman Empire during wars such as the Crimean War.
The New Russia: A Handbook of Economic and Political Developments. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-87065-1. Lawrence N. Langer (2002). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6618-8. "Russian Federation: Chronology". Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003. Europa Publications. 2002.
The formal end to Tatar rule over Russia was the defeat of the Tatars at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) and Vasili III (r. 1505–1533) had consolidated the centralized Russian state following the annexations of the Novgorod Republic in 1478, Tver in 1485, the Pskov Republic in 1510, Volokolamsk in 1513, Ryazan in 1521, and Novgorod-Seversk in 1522.
The Russians: In the early 15th century, Tsardom of Russia gradually expanded, defeating various khanates in the process. Its autocracy gave it a fairly effective army. Russia also had a conflict between serfdom and frontier liberty, but its political consequences turned out to be less important.
The Millennium of Russia monument in Veliky Novgorod (unveiled on 8 September 1862). The history of Russia begins with the histories of the East Slavs. [1] [2] The traditional start date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the Rus' state in the north in the year 862, ruled by Varangians.