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A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex.
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is an immediate DNA damage-dependent post-translational modification of histones and other nuclear proteins that contributes to the survival of injured proliferating cells. PARP14 belongs to the superfamily of enzymes that perform this modification (Ame et al., 2004 [PubMed 15273990]).
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins involved in a number of cellular processes such as DNA repair, genomic stability, and programmed cell death. [ 1 ] Members of PARP family
Incomplete DNA synthesis and DNA strand breaks are both potential sources of genomic instability. An arsenal of DNA repair mechanisms exists to repair various forms of damaged DNA and minimize genomic instability. Most DNA repair mechanisms require an intact DNA strand as template to fix the damaged strand.
Pol λ is a member of the X family of DNA polymerases. It is thought to resynthesize missing nucleotides during non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), a pathway of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. [7] [8] NHEJ is the main pathway in higher eukaryotes for repair of DNA DSBs. Chromosomal DSBs are the most severe type of DNA damage.
DNA polymerase theta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLQ gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] This polymerase plays a key role in one of the three major double strand break repair pathways: theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ).
Pol β is the main human polymerase that catalyzes short-patch BER, with pol λ able to compensate in its absence. [8] These polymerases are members of the Pol X family and typically insert only a single nucleotide. In addition to polymerase activity, these enzymes have a lyase domain that removes the 5' dRP left behind by AP endonuclease cleavage.
[42] [43] [44] KOD polymerase and some modified thermostable DNA polymerases (iProof/Phusion, Pfu Ultra, Velocity or Z-Taq) are used as a PCR variant with shorter amplification cycles (fast PCR, high-speed PCR) due to their high synthesis rate. Processivity describes the average number of base pairs before a polymerase falls off the DNA template.