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Caramboxin (CBX) is a toxin found in star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) [1] [2] and the related bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi). [3] Individuals with some types of kidney disease are susceptible to adverse neurological effects including intoxication, seizures and even death after eating star fruit [4] and bilimbi fruit. [3]
The reason some dogs develop kidney failure following ingestion of grapes and raisins is not known. [3] Types of grapes involved include both seedless and seeded, store-bought and homegrown, and grape pressings from wineries. [4] A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but none has been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs. [5]
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances , both toxic chemicals and medications , on kidney function . [ 1 ] There are various forms, [ 2 ] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way.
Carambola, also known as star fruit, is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola, a species of tree native to tropical Southeast Asia. [1] [2] [3] The edible fruit has distinctive ridges running down its sides (usually 5–6). [1] When cut in cross-section, it resembles a star, giving it the name of star fruit.
[129] [130] The blood ketone test strips are very expensive; prices start at about US$50 for ten strips. [131] It is most likely urine test strips–either ones that test only for ketones or ones that test for both glucose and ketones in urine would be used. The table above is a guide to when ketones may be present.
Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs, or, as it is known in people, Addison's disease, is an endocrine system disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough hormones for normal function. The adrenal glands secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol [ 1 ] and mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone ; [ 2 ] when proper amounts of these ...
Inside cells, amifostine detoxifies reactive metabolites of platinum and alkylating agents, as well as scavenges free radicals. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Other possible effects include accelerated DNA repair , [ 1 ] induction of cellular hypoxia, [ 1 ] inhibition of apoptosis, [ 2 ] alteration of gene expression [ 2 ] and modification of enzyme activity. [ 2 ]
Among fruit fly species, C. capitata has the largest variety of host-fruits, including over 200 different types of fruits and vegetables. These fruits include but are not limited to akee, star apple, oranges, grapefruit, guava, mango, plum, and pears. [9] C. capitata in the adult and larval stage feed in different ways. [6] [9]