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Caramboxin (CBX) is a toxin found in star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) [1] [2] and the related bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi). [3] Individuals with some types of kidney disease are susceptible to adverse neurological effects including intoxication, seizures and even death after eating star fruit [4] and bilimbi fruit. [3]
Carambola, also known as star fruit, is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola, a species of tree native to tropical Southeast Asia. [1] [2] [3] The edible fruit has distinctive ridges running down its sides (usually 5–6). [1] When cut in cross-section, it resembles a star, giving it the name of star fruit.
The reason some dogs develop kidney failure following ingestion of grapes and raisins is not known. [3] Types of grapes involved include both seedless and seeded, store-bought and homegrown, and grape pressings from wineries. [4] A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but none has been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs. [5]
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances , both toxic chemicals and medications , on kidney function . [ 1 ] There are various forms, [ 2 ] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way.
The dog's body weight should be determined and calculated once every two weeks using weight scale. [48] The daily caloric requirement by the dog's body and BCS should also be determined using a scale as part of dietary management in maintaining average body weight. The protein intake by the dog should also be considered and checked twice a month.
Among fruit fly species, C. capitata has the largest variety of host-fruits, including over 200 different types of fruits and vegetables. These fruits include but are not limited to akee, star apple, oranges, grapefruit, guava, mango, plum, and pears. [9] C. capitata in the adult and larval stage feed in different ways. [6] [9]
Azathioprine is used alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection following organ transplantation, and to treat an array of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, pemphigus, systemic lupus erythematosus, Behçet's disease, and other forms of vasculitis, autoimmune hepatitis, atopic dermatitis, myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optica (Devic's ...
In dogs, methoxyflurane anesthesia causes a moderate decrease in blood pressure with minimal changes in heart rate, and no significant effect on blood sugar, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. Bleeding and increased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) both induce further decreases in blood pressure, as well as increases in blood ...