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Micrograph showing a polyomavirus infected cell – large (blue) cell below-center-left. Urine cytology specimen. This virus can be diagnosed by a BKV blood test or a urine test for decoy cells, in addition to carrying out a biopsy in the kidneys. PCR techniques are often carried out to identify the virus.
The reactivation of polyomavirus in the kidneys and urinary tract causes the shedding of infected cells, virions, and/or viral proteins in the urine. This allows urine cytology to examine these cells, which if there is polyomavirus inclusion of the nucleus, is diagnostic of infection. [76]
CT scan or kidney ultrasonography is useful in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis; serial imaging may be useful for differentiating this condition from kidney cancer. [10] Acute pyelonephritis with increased cortical echogenicity and blurred delineation of the upper pole [20]
The virus then remains latent in the gastrointestinal tract [9] and can also infect the tubular epithelial cells in the kidneys, [10] where it continues to reproduce, shedding virus particles in the urine. In addition, recent studies suggest that this virus may latently infect the human semen [11] as well as the chorionic villi tissues. [12]
[24] [25] Symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination, and low back pain. [23] Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible ...
Urine cytology is a test that looks for abnormal cells in urine under a microscope. The test commonly checks for infection, inflammatory disease of the urinary tract, cancer, or precancerous conditions. It can be part of a broader urinalysis. If a cancerous condition is detected, other tests and procedures are usually recommended to diagnose ...
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Nephritis can often be caused by infections and toxins, but it is most commonly caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs like kidneys. [5] Pyelonephritis is inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the renal pelvis of the kidney. [6]