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Instead they argue that the root causes of crime lie in relative deprivation, and that although preventive measures and policing are necessary, they should be placed under democratic control. Pat Carlen (1992) suggests that the main tenets of left realism are theoretical and political: Theoretical
In response to exploration of the concept of relative deprivation, the term "relative gratification" has emerged in social psychology to discuss the opposite phenomenon. [11] [12] According to a June 2015 report by the IMF, the defining challenge of our time is widening income inequality. In advanced economies, the gap between the rich and poor ...
With his colleagues, most notably John Lea and Roger Matthews, he developed left realist criminology in a series of books including What Is to Be Done About Law and Order? (1984). He completed research on criminal victimisation, stop and search , and urban riots, and was a frequent contributor to media debates on crime and policing.
Relative deprivation theory has increasingly been used to partially explain crime as rising living standards can result in rising crime levels. In criminology, the theory of relative deprivation explains that people who feel jealous and discontent of others might turn to crime to acquire the things that they can not afford.
Crime and Modernity: Continuities in Left Realist Criminology. London: Sage. ISBN 0-8039-7557-0; Lea J. (2004) 'Hitting Criminals where it hurts: organised crime and the erosion of due process' Cambrian Law Review vol 35: 81-9; Lea, J. (2010) 'Left Realism, Community and State Building' Crime, Law and Social Change 54: 141-158.
In Crime in Context, he sets out his relationship to the left realism project, saying that his involvement was 'more tangential' than with Critical Criminology, and that The continuing legacy of that realist influence in this text are evident in two important respects. I have been concerned, first, 'to take crime seriously'...
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Prior to joining the University of Kent, he was a professor of criminology at London South Bank University and Middlesex University. Matthews is known as one of the key figures in left realism, a criminological critique of both the dominant administrative criminology and the critical criminology ("left idealism").