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Europa's gravity is approximately 13% of Earth's. The temperature on Europa varies from −160 °C at the equator, to −220 °C at either of its poles. [145] Europa's subsurface ocean is thought to be significantly [clarification needed] warmer however. It is hypothesized that because of radioactive and tidal heating (as mentioned in the ...
The high-gain antenna operates on X-band frequencies of 7.2 and 8.4 gigahertz, and a Ka-band frequency of 32 gigahertz (12 times that of a typical cell phone).The antennas will be used to research gravity and radio science, allowing researchers to learn more about Europa's gravity [88] It was designed and constructed by a team led by Matt Bray ...
Lillian later clarifies that she thinks clouds are made of cotton candy, which Jet and Mindy also end up believing, much to Sean and Sydney's annoyance. The kids go to Dr. Rafferty and Dr. Skelley, who teach them what clouds are really made of and how to find correct information.
It showed no sign of quitting at the end of the primary mission, so it was given a highly focused set of new exploration objectives, defined in part by the findings of the primary mission. As some of these new objectives centered on investigating Europa in great detail, the new mission was appropriately called the "Galileo Europa Mission" (GEM ...
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Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of sulfur dioxide (SO 2). [29] If a surface data or collection vessel were to land on Io in the future, it would have to be extremely tough (similar to the tank -like bodies of the Soviet Venera landers) to survive the radiation and magnetic fields that originate from Jupiter.
On G1, the gravity of Ganymede was used to slow the spacecraft's orbital period from 210 to 72 days to allow for more encounters and to take Galileo out of the more intense regions of radiation. On G2, the gravity assist was employed to put it into a coplanar orbit to permit subsequent encounters with Io, Europa and Callisto. [209]
Pallas (radius 255.5 ± 2 km), the third-largest asteroid, appears never to have completed differentiation and likewise has an irregular shape. Vesta and Pallas are nonetheless sometimes considered small terrestrial planets anyway by sources preferring a geophysical definition, because they do share similarities to the rocky planets of the ...