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Set up a partial fraction for each factor in the denominator. With this framework we apply the cover-up rule to solve for A, B, and C.. D 1 is x + 1; set it equal to zero. This gives the residue for A when x = −1.
Only an exponentially small fraction of the residues survive. [31] For example, the only surviving residues mod 32 are 7, 15, 27, and 31. Integers divisible by 3 cannot form a cycle, so these integers do not need to be checked as counter examples. [32]
The reverse process of expressing a proper rational fraction as the sum of two or more fractions is called resolving it into partial fractions. For example, For example, 2 x x 2 − 1 = 1 x − 1 + 1 x + 1 . {\displaystyle {\frac {2x}{x^{2}-1}}={\frac {1}{x-1}}+{\frac {1}{x+1}}.}
To begin solving, we multiply each side of the equation by the least common denominator of all the fractions contained in the equation. In this case, the least common denominator is ( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 ) {\displaystyle (x-2)(x+2)} .
For example, in the fraction 3 / 4 , the numerator 3 indicates that the fraction represents 3 equal parts, and the denominator 4 indicates that 4 parts make up a whole. The picture to the right illustrates 3 / 4 of a cake. Fractions can be used to represent ratios and division. [1]
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The names for the degrees may be applied to the polynomial or to its terms. For example, the term 2x in x 2 + 2x + 1 is a linear term in a quadratic polynomial. The polynomial 0, which may be considered to have no terms at all, is called the zero polynomial. Unlike other constant polynomials, its degree is not zero.
A rational fraction is an algebraic fraction whose numerator and denominator are both polynomials. Thus 3 x x 2 + 2 x − 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {3x}{x^{2}+2x-3}}} is a rational fraction, but not x + 2 x 2 − 3 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {x+2}}{x^{2}-3}},} because the numerator contains a square root function.