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Following the first expansion of Bern, the Zytglogge was the gate tower of the western fortifications. At this time, it was a squat tower of only about 16 m (52 ft) in height which was open in the back. [19] During the second expansion, to the Käfigturm, the Zytglogge wall was removed, and the tower was relegated to second-line status.
The Bellevue Palace is a five-star luxury hotel located in the Old City of Bern, Switzerland. Owned by the Swiss Confederation , it is the state's guesthouse for visiting heads of state and government , and is host to dozens of members of parliament during the weeks the assembly is in session.
The expansion of the confederacy was stopped by the Swiss defeat in the 1515 Battle of Marignano. Only Bern and Fribourg were still able to conquer the Vaud in 1536; the latter primarily became part of the canton of Bern, with a small portion under the jurisdiction of Fribourg.
A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral; see Bern International. The city's population rose from about 5,000 in the 15th century to about 12,000 by 1800 and to above 60,000 by 1900, passing the 100,000 mark during the 1920s.
1191 - Bern set up as military outpost by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen. [2] 1218 - Bern becomes a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. [3] 1219 - Zytglogge (tower) built. [1] 1223 - Theto von Ravensburg becomes Schultheiss von Bern . 1256 - Käfigturm (tower) built. 1259 - First mention of Jews in Bern. [4]
Bern returned the Vaud to the duchy of Savoy against a ransom of 50,000 guilders in 1476, and sold its claims on the Franche-Comté to Louis XI for 150,000 guilders in 1479. The confederates only kept small territories east of the Jura mountains, especially Grandson and Murten, as common dependencies of Bern and Fribourg. The whole Valais ...
Map of the Helvetic Republic (1798) Map of Switzerland in 1815 New cantons were added only in the modern period, during 1803–1815; this mostly concerned former subject territories now recognized as full cantons (such as Vaud, Ticino and Aargau), and the full integration of territories that had been more loosely allied to the Confederacy (such as Geneva, Valais and Grisons).
Bern in 1638 with its three medieval guard towers, from left to right: Christoffelturm, Käfigturm, Zytglogge. (See full map) When it was built around 1218–1220, [3] the Zytglogge served as the gate tower of Bern's western fortifications. These were erected after the city's first westward expansion following its de facto independence from the ...