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Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced respectively to primary and secondary alcohols. In deoxygenation, the alcohol group can be further reduced and removed altogether by replacement with H. Two broad strategies exist for carbonyl reduction. One method, which is favored in industry, uses hydrogen as the reductant.
The Mozingo reduction, also known as Mozingo reaction or thioketal reduction, is a chemical reaction capable of fully reducing a ketone or aldehyde to the corresponding alkane via a dithioacetal. [1] [2] The reaction scheme is as follows: [3]
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. [1] [2] In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step.
The imine is then reduced to an amine by sodium cyanoborohydride. This reaction works on both aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl can be treated with ammonia, a primary amine, or a secondary amine to produce, respectively, 1°, 2°, and 3° amines. [5] Aromatic ketones and aldehydes can be reductively deoxygenated using sodium cyanoborohydride. [6]
Clemmensen reduction is a chemical reaction described as a reduction of ketones or aldehydes to alkanes using zinc amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). [1] [2] This reaction is named after Erik Christian Clemmensen, a Danish-American chemist. [3] Scheme 1: Reaction scheme of Clemmensen Reduction.
Deoxygenation is a chemical reaction involving the removal of oxygen atoms from a molecule. The term also refers to the removal of molecular oxygen (O 2 ) from gases and solvents, a step in air-free technique and gas purifiers .
Reductions with hydrosilanes are methods used for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of organic compounds.The approach is a subset of ionic hydrogenation.In this particular method, the substrate is treated with a hydrosilane and auxiliary reagent, often a strong acid, resulting in formal transfer of hydride from silicon to carbon. [1]
The overall combined transformation of an aldehyde to an alkyne by this method is named after its developers, American chemists Elias James Corey and Philip L. Fuchs. The Corey–Fuchs reaction By suitable choice of base, it is often possible to stop the reaction at the 1-bromoalkyne, a useful functional group for further transformation.