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Black phosphorus ampoule Black phosphorus Black phosphorus structure. Black phosphorus is the thermodynamically stable form of phosphorus at room temperature and pressure, with a heat of formation of −39.3 kJ/mol (relative to white phosphorus which is defined as the standard state). [1]
Bulk black phosphorene is added to a saturated NaOH/NMP solution, which is further sonicated for 4 hours to conduct liquid exfoliation. The solution is then centrifuged twice, first for 10 minutes to remove any unexfoliated black phosphorus and then for 20 minutes at a higher speed to separate thick layers of phosphorene (5–12 layers) from NMP.
Black phosphorus is the least reactive allotrope and the thermodynamically stable form below 550 °C (1,022 °F). It is also known as β-metallic phosphorus and has a structure somewhat resembling that of graphite .
One exception is phosphorus, for which the most stable form at 1 bar is black phosphorus, but white phosphorus is chosen as the standard reference state for zero enthalpy of formation. [2] For example, the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide is the enthalpy of the following reaction under the above conditions:
The structural transitions in phosphorus are reversible: upon releasing high pressure, black phosphorus gradually converts into the red phosphorus, and by vaporizing red phosphorus at 490 °C in an inert atmosphere and condensing the vapor, covalent red phosphorus can be transformed into the molecular solid, white phosphorus. [36]
Specifically the black phosphorus form of phosphorus. Cl: A14: Orthorhombic: Cmce (No. 64) 8: α-S: A16: Orthorhombic: Fddd (No. 70) 16: In: A6: Tetragonal: I4/mmm (No. 139) 2: Identical symmetry to the α-Pa type structure. Can be considered slightly distorted from an ideal Cu type face-centered cubic structure [18] which has / =. α-Pa: A a ...
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White phosphorus is also the most common, industrially important, and easily reproducible allotrope, and for these reasons is regarded as the standard state of phosphorus. The most stable form is the black allotrope , which is a metallic looking, brittle and relatively non-reactive semiconductor (unlike the white allotrope, which has a white or ...
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