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The utilitarian or Benthamite social welfare function measures social welfare as the total or sum of individual utilities: = = where is social welfare and is the income of individual among individuals in society. In this case, maximizing the social welfare means maximizing the total income of the people in the society, without regard to how ...
The social graph is a graph that represents social relations between entities. In short, it is a model or representation of a social network, where the word graph has been taken from graph theory. The social graph has been referred to as "the global mapping of everybody and how they're related". [1]
Changes in an individual's social network environment can also influence characteristics such as 'personality': for example, social spiders that huddle with bolder neighbors tend to increase also in boldness. [47] This is a very small set of broad examples of how researchers can use network analysis to study animal behavior.
In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or total social welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), is either of two related quantities: Consumer surplus , or consumers' surplus , is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the ...
The relationship between poverty reduction and differing levels of welfare expense as a percentage of GDP [1] The effects of social welfare on poverty have been the subject of various studies. [1] Studies have shown that in welfare states, poverty decreases after countries adopt welfare programs. [2]
Social choice studies the behavior of different mathematical procedures (social welfare functions) used to combine individual preferences into a coherent whole. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It contrasts with political science in that it is a normative field that studies how a society can make good decisions, whereas political science is a descriptive ...
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...
The welfare maximization problem is an optimization problem studied in economics and computer science. Its goal is to partition a set of items among agents with different utility functions , such that the welfare – defined as the sum of the agents' utilities – is as high as possible.